Moualem said Damascus wanted guarantees from Annan that armed groups attacking its troops would commit to a ceasefire.
"We will not ask the terrorist groups, which are killing, kidnapping and destroying infrastructure, for guarantees. We want Annan to give us these guarantees," he said, adding that an end of violence "must be simultaneous with the arrival of the international observers."
He also said that Annan told him in a recent telephone call that a ceasefire would be followed by disarming of the rebels.
He challenged Western and Arab states, which have pledged support for opposition groups and called for Assad's exit.
The United States and other nations with influence on the opposition would do better "not to point at Russia and China but to set their levers in motion to ... force everybody to stop shooting at one another," Lavrov said.
"We want once again today to call on all opposition (groups) and all states that have influence on the political and especially the armed opposition to use the influence with the aim of an immediate ceasefire by all sides."
Lavrov said Moualem told him the government had begun implementing requirements regarding "the use of artillery and heavy weapons" in Syrian cities.
Lavrov said Russia had agreed to a request from the United Nations to contribute observers.
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